% WARNING: This file may contain UTF-8 (unicode) characters.
% While non-8-bit characters are officially unsupported in BibTeX, you
% can use them with the biber backend of biblatex
%    usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}

@techreport{NBERw32971,
 title = "Health Inequality and Economic Disparities by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender",
 author = "Russo, Nicolò and McGee, Rory and De Nardi, Mariacristina and Borella, Margherita and Abram, Ross",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "32971",
 year = "2024",
 month = "September",
 doi = {10.3386/w32971},
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w32971",
 abstract = {How large is health inequality in middle age, and how does it shape future economic disparities by race, ethnicity, and gender? Using the Health and Retirement Study, we document large health disparities at midlife. At age 55, Black men and women exhibit frailty levels, or biological age, comparable to those of White individuals 13 and 20 years older, respectively, while Hispanic men and women display frailty similar to that of White individuals 5 and 6 years older. Counterfactual equalization of health at age 55 reduces subsequent disparities in key economic and health outcomes by 40– 70%. These results highlight the central role of midlife health in generating later-life inequality and suggest that policies improving health before age 55, particularly for disadvantaged groups, may substantially narrow disparities at later ages.},
}